Environmental impact

Spain is one of the countries with the worst air quality in the Europea22 Union. The Spanish Environment Ministry amounted to 16,000 premature deaths caused by pollution in Spain in 2010, a number seven times greater than those killed in traffic accidents (1,710 in 2010).

As it indicated in some studies, reducing these compounds could make a significant improvement in areas such as environmental or related to public health:

Reducing the levels of PM 2.5 to 20 pμ / m3 in Barcelona, Madrid, Bilbao, Seville and Valencia, 11,375 deaths would be avoided.

In Barcelona, if the current level of PM10 50 pμ / m3 to 40pμ / m3 were reduced, 1,200 deaths a year, 390 admissions for respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases 2010 revenues and 1,900 people get sick less than bronchitis is avoided.

Government incentives / Policies

Spanish policies to promote sustainable mobility focuses on the following objectives:

1. Shaping a more efficient transport to improve the competitiveness of the productive system.
2. Improve social integration of citizens, providing access to all citizens.
3. Increase the quality of life of citizens.
4. Not compromise the health of citizens.
5. Provide more security on the go.

Spanish incentives for purchasing an electric/hibryd vehicle are:

M1 (cars), N1 (commercial), M2 (coaches to 5.000kg), M3 (over 5,000 kg coaches), N2 (trucks up to 12,000 kg), and L5e L3e (motorcycle more than 45 km / h), L6e and L7e (light and heavy quadricycles).

The amount of the grant categories M1, N1, L6e, L7e, and L3e L5e be 25% of its retail price before taxes and to a maximum of:

Basque Country

The Basque Energy Board (EVE) has launched a series of measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles, consisting of a non-repayable grant of 10% of the vehicle cost, excluding taxes, up to 2,000 euros.

Garages companies for fleets of electric vehicles:

Independent points of recharge and networks of charging stations for public use:

Cost per person

Purchase

Well, now, using fairly new technologies, trying to use, whenever possible, the latest in battery to have longer life, faster recharging or more energy density, and especially because still made very few electric motors for cars, traction batteries for cars, car chargers ... etc., the manufacturing cost of an electric car is greater than that of a conventional car.

As for taxes on the purchase, electric cars also pay the same tax than any other car in Spain is 21%, and then pay a 0% tax, due to its very low emissions. Stating that many cars with internal combustion engine also pay a 0%: those whose CO2 emissions are less than 120g / km (many SUVs and compact usually accomplish this)

Insurance

In general we can say is that the cost of insurance for an electric car is very similar to that of an equivalent conventional car of similar price. They are taking some instances where you get to see the price of an electric car insurance is between 5 and 15% cheaper, but not always.

Price municipal road tax

As electric cars of interest to the cities because they are zero local emissions, try to encourage them a little reducing what you have to pay tax through a bonus share (ie, a discount). There are several cities that do, for example, in Madrid the bonus is 75%.

Cost of energy consumed

Although electricity in Spain is one of the most expensive in the European Union, it remains very account to kilometers with an electric car as gasoline or diesel are not anything cheap. With that car make gasoline can cost 100 km theoretically and approval according to the order of about 6.65 euros (1.33 liter gasoline euros).

With the electric car “type”, do 100 km can cost around 2.15 euros, all taxes included, but if you have the rate of timebased discrimination supervalle, recharging at night the cost is slightly less than half, 1 euro, with all taxes included (with current prices of electricity in Spain, just over 12 cents per kWh at the normal rate, slightly less than 6 cents per kWh in the supervalle rate, plus taxes corresponding).

Clean mobility systems DK

Type (Vehicle / Infrastructure)

Electric Cars

The population of Denmark is 5, 668, 743 people.

There are 28 different models of electrical vehicles in Denmark plus variants.

Denmark has 988 charging points, in Copenhagen there are 245 charging points alone. Posts are delivered by three different companies, EON, Clever og Cleancharge, besides the chargers delivered by public institutions, municipalities, hotels and restaurants.

The chargers are of different types:

• CHAdeMO
• Combo 2
• IEC Type 1
• IEC Type 2
• Super charger

Type (Vehicle /Infrastructure) Public Transport - Hybrid Busses

Electrical busses and hybrid busses are still in an experimental phase in the cities of Denmark. However, some municipalities have tested and invested in hybrid busses.

2015, the Odense hybrid/diesel project. Odense city has invested in 18 parallel-hybrid diesel busses to run the public transport of the city together with the existing diesel busses. Twelve of the busses are delivered by Volvo and six from Scania.

The technology of the Odense hybrid/diesel busses is a parallel system where the electrical engine and the diesel engine can work both on a parallel basis and independently. The electrical engine is for starting the bus and acceleration up to 20 km. per hour and it can function as engine and alternator. At higher speeds the diesel engine takes over and runs the bus.

When the busses brake, the friction accumulates energy to be used for starting the bus again.

The electrical engine has a very low noise level and in this way the public will experience very silent busses and people living nearby bus stops will notice the lower noise level of the public transport.

Number of users

Electrical Vehicles in Denmark: 7842 December 2015. In 2015 the number of electrical vehicles in Denmark doubled. In 2016 there will be at least nine new models of electrical vehicle s on the market. In 2015 4523 new registrations of electric vehicles in Denmark.

The majority of users are professionals working either in industry or in state institutions/municipalities.

Example from Odense City: Between 60,000 and 70,000 people use the busses in Odense and suburbs a month.

Example from Ålborg and Copenhagen: 2013 – Both cities testes 6 hybrid diesel busses of the make Volvo 7700 Hybrid.

Other public traffic companies use other strategies than hybrid and electric vehicle and work with the improvement of the bus drivers’ driving skills and other energy systems such as for example biofuel systems.

Environmental impact /Energy consumption

Over the last five years many municipalities in Denmark have analyzed their vehicle fleet for different specific purposes in the public service sector. For example Fredericia Municipality, a midsized city in Denmark, would potentially be able to save 25 per cent by simply buying electric vehicles when replacing old vehichles. At the same time the city would improve it CO” budget with a reduction of 20%.

Research has shown that:

• Electric vehicles can easily cover the transport job for public service vehicles of the municipalities
• Central leasing and buying contracts with suppliers can save money
• Electric vehicles are competitive in price (excluding charging infrastructure) and are cheaper in energy usage due to the use of less fuel/energy, less tax, less maintenance and insurance discounts
• Electric cars give a reduction in the CO2 budget of ½-1½ ton per year per car
• Employees are happier, because they are part of a green movement
• Companies benefit by advertising progress and a green policy

A total cost of ownership, TCO Calculator, is available, so that companies and public institutions can calculate the cost of an electric powered fleet service

http://87.54.37.86/TcoBeregner/(S(r5fbsjb4ggmjc0skulw3diyy))/default.aspx

2015, the Odense City hybrid–diesel bus project:

Tests show that the parallel-hybrid busses use approximately 20 per cent less diesel fuel when driving in the city centre og the emission of the busses is 20 per cent lower and the other diesel busses running in Odense.

Government incentives / Policies

Copenhagen: a city with a vision. Copenhagen is to be carbon neutral by 2025.

Arriva, the city of Copenhagen and 400 electric vehicle BMWs.

Since September 2015 citizens in Copenhagen and visitors can use their travel card for public transport to book one of 400 EV BMWs to travel through the city. The system is called “Drive now”.

People can locate and reserve a car nearby, wherever they are by using the Drive-Now App. You can park the car and end the booking at any time within the business area. The Drive-Now does not have any stationary return locations. No commitments. No electricity costs. Just drive. Insurance, car tax, parking – all included

Local Municipalities initiate different strategies and work with government-initiated projects.

Odense City Municipality have decided on a 2020 green strategy for the public transport of Odense and it is the intention that Odense will invest in even more parallel-hybrid and full electrical busses over the next decade

Cost per person

Nissan Leaf available from 33.000 - 38.000 euro in Denmark 160 km of motoring in a Nissan Leaf costs around 5,50 Euros

Electric cars

Prices are almost similar to conventional cars at the moment, due to the Danish tax system.

In Copenhagen a single fares cross the city centre average around 3 Euros per person.

Clean mobility systems UK

Electric Cars

38 different models available in the UK (plus variants), 9,388 Charging points in the community plus home charging capability

There are three main EV charger types: ‘slow’ charging units (up to 3kW) which are best suited for 6-8 hours overnight; ‘fast’ chargers (7-22kW) which can fully recharge some models in 3-4 hours; and ‘rapid’ charging units (43- 50kW) which are able to provide an 80% charge in around 30 minutes. Rapid chargers also come in two charge point types – AC and DC – depending on whether they use alternating current or direct current.

Monthly figures published by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) show that electric car sales in the UK have raised dramatically during the past 12 months. While only around 500 electric cars were registered per month at the start of 2014, this has now risen to an average of around 2,400 per month in 2015. As a percentage of new car registrations, electric cars now represent just over 1% of the total new car market in the UK.

Sources

Nextgreencar

Herefordshire

Public Transport–Buses

The definition of a LCEB is as follows:

“A Low Carbon Bus produces at least 30% fewer Greenhouse Gas Emissions than the average Euro 3 equivalent diesel bus of the same total passenger capacity. The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions will be expressed in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent measured over a standard test, and will cover “Well-to-Wheel” (WTW) performance, thereby taking into account both the production of the fuel and its consumption on board”.

Sources

UK government

Public transport such as buses can be powered by a wide range of fuel types, such as:

• Compressed Natural Gas
• Bio-methane / biogas
• Hydrogen fuel cells

The above represent a selection that is available.

In the UK especially in major city’s such as London, the majority are powered via a Diesel – Electric HybridMotor

WTW CO2eq emissions savings can reach around 30% compared to traditional diesel buses, as can tailpipe Emissions, However this varies according to what extent the electric motor is used. It is strongly dependent on the duty cycle, the topography of the route, congestion and driver efficiency.
This is now a reasonably mature technology, with similar reliability to a standard Diesel bus.

Draw backs - Diesel is a fossil fuel.

Number of users

48,000 cars registered in the UK (JAN 2016)

2900 Vans registered in the UK (JAN 2016)

38 different models available (plus variants)

In the year ending March 2015:

There were an estimated 5.16 billion bus passenger journeys in Great Britain, around two-thirds of all public transport journeys, of these 4.65 billion journeys were in England, of which more than half were in London.

Bus passenger journeys in England decreased by 0.6% compared with the previous financial year

There were around 9.8 million older and disabled concessionary bus passes in England, with an average of 102 bus journeys per pass per year.

Bus mileage in England decreased by 0.6% when compared with the previous year. This was largely due to 10% reduction in mileage on local authority supported services outside London.

Sources

UK government

Environmental impact /Energy consumption

Electric cars produce zero emissions at source. However, the electricity needed for charging is produced in largely coal fired power stations in the UK which emit high CO2 or Nuclear powered stations which have issues around hazardous nuclear waste. If more was done to capture wind, wave or solar energy this could be a clean solution to our electricity production.

Mileage is limited to 100 miles a day.

A report at a UN Habitat III meeting ahead of Ban Ki-Moon’s climate summit. Presentedfindings from a study by researchers from the University of California, Davis, and the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). It calculated that emissions from urban transportation could be cut by more than half by 2050 and economies save in excess of US $100 trillion. It also added that it would reduce annual premature deaths by 1.4 million.

The report also states that, without changes in policies and investments, rapid urbanisation will result in emissions from urban transportation almost doubling from 2010 levels by 2050. Road will become gridlocked and infrastructure will not cope with the demand.

Sources

BBC UK

Government incentives /Policies

Department of Transport offering the Plug-in grant 25% of the cost of an electric car; and zero road tax. More than 49,500 claims have been made through the Plug-in Car and Van Grant schemes (as of February 2016).

During the last election MPs were also heard making pledges to install recharging points in local communities as part of their electioneering.

The UK Governments Green Bus fund helps bus companies and local authorities in England to buy new low carbon buses. Its main purpose is to support and hasten the introduction of hundreds of low carbon buses across England.

Various fee reduction charges are available depending on individual circumstances such as age, job or disability. In London single fares average £1.50 per person, aimed at encouraging the use of public transport. Various European Laws governing emission levels from Diesel engines such as EURO V and EURO VI.

London has operated one of its entire routes on eight hydrogen fuel cell buses since 2011 and a refuelling station has been built in the City. Despite the fact that hydrogen buses are expensive, TfL decided to purchase the vehicles, thus gearing hydrogen buses towards commercialisation and making them more affordable for future purchasers. The three main objectives of TfL’s project were to reduce CO2 emissions, to improve air quality and to reduce noise pollution as the hydrogen buses are quieter than their diesel powered predecessors.

Sources

Clean Buses

Cost per person

Nissan Leaf available from £15,790 - £24,490, 100 miles of motoring in a Nissan Leaf costs around £2 if the car is charged with off-peakelectricity.

Electric cars are more expensive to buy than conventional cars, and at the moment there is no second hand market. Mileage and maintenance costs tend to be lower than conventional vehicles.

According to Next Green Car, for an annual mileage of around 10,000 miles, switching from a conventional vehicle to an electric could save £800 in fuel costs alone. Fares vary depending on individual circumstances such as age, job or disability. In London single fares average £1.50 per person, aimed at encouraging the use of public transport. Costs of acquisition of a Diesel – Electric Hybrid can be 50% more when compared to traditional diesel buses.